From Infinity to Fibonacci, or what religious mythology has to do with the inner workings of field science.
THE IMMORTAL LIFE OF HENRIETTA LACKS
When
Henrietta Lacks
(1920-1951), an African-American mother of five who migrated from the
tobacco farms of Virginia to poorest neighborhoods of Baltimore, died at
the tragic age of 31 from cervical cancer, she didn’t realize she’d be
the donor of cells that would create the
HeLa
immortal cell line — a line that didn’t die after a few cell divisions —
making possible some of the most seminal discoveries in modern
medicine. Though the tumor tissue was taken with neither her knowledge
nor her consent, the HeLa cell was crucial in everything from the first
polio vaccine to cancer and AIDS research. To date, scientists have
grown more than 20 tons of HeLa cells.
Skloot weaves a fascinating and tender detective story about HeLa’s
legacy through the discovery of Henrietta’s youngest daughter, Deborah,
who didn’t know her mother but who always knew she wanted to be a
scientist. As Skloot and Deborah, infinitely different yet united by the
shared quest for answers, unravel one of the most absorbing mysteries
of modern science, we also get a rich and sensitive tale about family,
community, and the dark side of society’s capacity for exploiting its
poorest and most vulnerable members. The book, one of the decade’s most
excellent and ambitious science-and-so-much-more reads, is currently
being made into an HBO movie by Oprah Winfrey and Alan Ball.
Good science is all about following the data as it shows
up and letting yourself be proven wrong, and letting everything change
while you’re working on it — and I think writing is the same way.” ~ Rebecca Skloot
Henrietta and David Lacks, circa 1945.
Deborah Lacks at about age four.
Margaret Gey and Minnie, a lab technician, in the Gey lab at Hopkins, circa 1951.
In an
interview with Skloot,
David Dobbs offers a fascinating behind-the-scenes look at how the book
came to life — a must-read for anyone interested in the intricacies of
intelligent inquiry and storytelling, in science and in general.
THE BEGINNING OF INFINITY
Since time immemorial, mankind’s greatest questions —
what is reality,
what does it mean to be human,
what is time,
is there God
— have endured as a pervasive frontier of intellectual inquiry through
which we try to explain and make sense of the world, the pursuit of
these elusive answers having germinated disciplines as diverse as
philosophy and physics. But what place does explanation itself have in
the universe and our understanding of it? That’s exactly what iconic
physicist and quantum computation pioneer
David Deutsch explores in
The Beginning of Infinity: Explanations That Transform the World
— an important and wildly illuminating new book on the nature and
evolution of human knowledge. Fluidly switching between evolutionary
biology, quantum physics, mathematics, philosophy, ancient history and
more, Deutsch offers surprisingly — or, perhaps knowing his work,
unsurprisingly — plausible answers to everything from why beauty exists
to what is infinity.
Must progress come to an end — either in catastrophe or
in some sort of completion — or is it unbounded? The answer is the
latter. That unboundedness is the ‘infinity’ referred to in the title of
this book. Explaining it, and the conditions under which progress can
and cannot happen, entails a journey through virtually every fundamental
field of science and philosophy. From each such field we learn that,
although progress has no necessary end, it does have a necessary
beginning: a cause, or an event with which it starts, or a necessary
condition for it to take off and to thrive. Each of these beginnings is
‘the beginning of infinity’ as viewed from the perspective of that
field. Many seem, superficially, to be unconnected. But they are all
facets of a single attribute of reality, which I call the beginning of
infinity.” ~David Deutsch
In 2009, I had the pleasure of seeing Deutsch speak at
TEDGlobal,
where he delivered what was unequivocally the event’s most mind-bending
talk, presenting a new way to explain explanation itself — a teaser for
the book as he was in the heat of writing it. Stay on your toes and try
to keep up:
Empiricism is inadequate because scientific theories
explain the seen in terms of the unseen and the unseen, you have to
admit, doesn’t come to us through the senses.” ~ David Deutsch
Bear in mind, this is no light beach book, nor is it an easy read,
but it’s an incredibly lucid one, the kind of book that stays with you
for your entire lifetime, insights from it finding their way,
consciously or unconsciously, into every intellectual conversation
you’ll ever have.
RADIOACTIVE
In
Radioactive: Marie & Pierre Curie: A Tale of Love and Fallout, artist
Lauren Redniss tells the story of
Marie Curie
— one of the most extraordinary figures in the history of science, a
pioneer in researching radioactivity, a field the very name for which
she coined, and not only the first woman to win a Nobel Prize but also
the first person to win two Nobel Prizes, and in two different sciences —
through the two invisible but immensely powerful forces that guided her
life: radioactivity and love. Granted, the book was also atop my
omnibus of
the year’s best art and design books
— but that’s because it’s truly extraordinary — a remarkable feat of
thoughtful design and creative vision. To honor Curie’s spirit and
legacy, Redniss rendered her poetic artwork in cyanotype, an
early-20th-century image printing process critical to the discovery of
both X-rays and radioactivity itself — a cameraless photographic
technique in which paper is coated with light-sensitive chemicals. Once
exposed to the sun’s UV rays, this chemically-treated paper turns a deep
shade of blue. The text in the book is a unique typeface Redniss
designed using the title pages of 18th- and 19th-century manuscripts
from the New York Public Library archive. She named it Eusapia LR, for
the croquet-playing, sexually ravenous Italian Spiritualist medium whose
séances the Curies used to attend. The book’s cover is printed in
glow-in-the-dark ink.
Redniss tells a turbulent story — a passionate romance with Pierre
Curie (honeymoon on bicycles!), the epic discovery of radium and
polonium, Pierre’s sudden death in a freak accident in 1906, Marie’s
affair with physicist Paul Langevin, her coveted second Noble Prize —
under which lie poignant reflections on the implications of Curie’s work
more than a century later as we face ethically polarized issues like
nuclear energy, radiation therapy in medicine, nuclear weapons and more.
Full review, with more images and Redniss’s TEDxEast talk,
here.
THE PHYSICS BOOK
Einstein famously noted that the most incomprehensible thing about the world is that it’s comprehensible. In
The Physics Book: From the Big Bang to Quantum Resurrection, 250 Milestones in the History of Physics, acclaimed science author
Clifford Pickover
offers a sweeping, lavishly illustrated chronology of comprehension by
way of physics, from the Big Bang (13.7 billion BC) to Quantum
Resurrection (> 100 trillion), through such watershed moments as
Newton’s formulation of the laws of motion and gravity (1687), the
invention of fiber optics (1841), Einstein’s general theory of
relativity (1915), the first speculation about parallel universes
(1956), the discovery of buckyballs (1985), Stephen Hawking’s
Star Trek cameo (1993), and the building of the Large Hadron Collider (2009).
As the island of knowledge grows, the surface that makes
contact with mystery expands. When major theories are overturned, what
we thought was certain knowledge gives way, and knowledge touches upon
mystery differently. This newly uncovered mystery may be humbling and
unsettling, but it is the cost of truth. Creative scientists,
philosophers, and poets thrive at this shoreline.” ~ W. Mark Richardson, ‘A Skeptic’s Sense of Wonder,’ Science
Pickover takes a wide-angle view of what physics actually is,
encompassing everything from relativity to quantum mechanics to dark
matter and beyond, in a spirit that honors the American Physical
Society’s founding mission statement of 1899, which holds physics as
“the most basic and fundamental science.” As much as it is about the
great ideas of physics, the book is also about the great minds behind
them, including
Brain Pickings darlings
Marie Curie,
Albert Einstein,
Richard Feynman,
Stephen Hawking, and
Erwin Schrödinger.
From the
magnetic monopole to
quasicrystals to
dark matter,
The Physics Book is an invaluable treasure trove of curated knowledge in an age when, as Andrew Zolli
put it at the opening of
PopTech
2011, “the scale of our knowledge is expanding faster than most of our
ability to comprehend.” For once, it’s rather nice to make some of
humanity’s greatest intellectual achievements feel contained and
digestible.
Originally reviewed, with plenty more images,
last month.
I HAVE LANDED
For 27 years, iconic evolutionary biologist and science historian
Stephen Jay Gould contributed illuminating and absorbing essays on everything from Aristotle to zoology for the magazine
Natural History,
many collected in a series of anthologies, offering some of the most
articulate science writing of our time and influencing public opinion on
science in magnitude few other writers have achieved. This year marked
the bittersweet reprint of
I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History
— the tenth and final of these fantastic anthologies, featuring 31 of
Gould’s essays and commemorating the centennial of his family’s arrival
at Ellis Island. (The title comes from his grandfather’s diary entry on
that day.) It was originally published in 2002, mere weeks after Gould
passed away from cancer.
From a fascinating essay on
Vladimir Nabokov’s lepidoptery
poetically titled “No Science Without Fancy, No Art Without Facts” to a
meditation on Freud’s evolutionary fantasy to a poignant scientific
reflection on 9/11, the essays blend a head-spinning spectrum of serious
scientific inquiry with the storytelling of fine fiction.
In fact, a big part of what makes Gould’s thinking so compelling and
his writing so alluring is the eloquence with which he blends popular
interest with deep scientific insight. (The very notion of a scientific
essay faces a great deal of resistance among many scientists, who find
the essay format to be inappropriate for science.) Of the balance, Gould
writes:
I have come to believe, as the primary definition of
these ‘popular’ essays, that the conceptual depth of technical and
general writing should not differ, lest we disrespect the interest and
intelligence of millions of potential readers who lack advanced
technical training in science, but who remain just as fascinated as any
professional, as just as well aware of the importance of science to our
human and earthly existence.”
Gould closes his final essay for Natural History with this moving tribute to his grandfather, all the more profound in light of the author’s own passing shortly thereafter:
Dear Papa Joe, I have been faithful to your dream of
persistence and attentive to a hope that the increments of each worthy
generation may buttress the continuity of evolution. You could write
those wondrous words right at the beginning of your journey, amidst all
the joy and terror of inception. I dared not repeat them until I could
fulfill my own childhood dream — something that once seemed so
mysteriously beyond any hope of realization to an insecure little boy in
a garden apartment in Queens — to
become a scientist and to make, by my own effort, even the tiniest
addition to human knowledge of evolution and the history of life. But
now, with my 300, so fortuitously coincident with the world’s new 1,000
and your own 100, perhaps I have finally won the right to restate your
noble words and to tell you that their inspiration still lights my
journey: I have landed. But I also can’t help wondering what comes
next!”
THE MAGIC OF REALITY
With beautiful illustrations by graphic artist
Dave McKean,
Dawkins’ volume is as accessible as it is illuminating, covering a
remarkable spectrum of subjects and natural phenomena — from who the
very first person was to how earthquakes work to what dark matter is —
in a way that infuses reality with the kind of fascination and whimsy
we’re used to finding in myth and folklore. Each chapter begins with a
famous myth from one of the world’s religions or folklore traditions,
which Dawkins proceeds to myth-bust by examining the actual scientific
processes and phenomena that these stories try to explain.
Here’s an introduction from Dawkins himself:
BBC has a great short segment, in which Dawkins explores the
relationship between comfort and truth, and explains why evolution is
the most magical, spellbinding story of all, more poetic than any fable
or fairy tale:
When you think about it, here we are, we started off on
this planet — this fragment of dust spinning around the sun — and in 4
billion years we gradually changed form bacteria into us. That is a
spellbinding story.” ~ Richard Dawkins
The book comes with a companion immersive
iPad app.
FIELD NOTES
Field Notes on Science and Nature, one of
five fascinating peeks inside the notebooks of great creators,
offers an unprecedented look at the inner workings of scientific
inquiry and observation. It’s as much a scientific travelogue as it is a
celebration of traditional methodologies for making sense of our
natural environment, its beautiful reproductions of original journal
pages taking us from Baja, California, with eminent ornithologist Kenn
Kaufman to the Serengeti with renowned mammalogist George Schaller.
Michael Canfield, who edited the book and is himself a biologist at
Harvard, invites us to “peer over the shoulders of outstanding field
scientists and naturalists” through their brilliant annotations and
illustrations.
'Meriwether Lewis's journal notes of the Eulachon fish (Thaleichthys pacificus), made on February 24, 1806, while Lewis was near Fort Clatsop, Oregon.'
Image courtesy of the American Philosophical Society
'A typical notebook page detailing the thoughts and
events of a day doing fieldwork at Olorgesailie, Kenya, with a personal
note near the end of the page about the joy of being alone with rocks.'
Anna K. Behrensmeyer, Paleontologist, in the essay 'Linking Researchers Across Generations'
'Page from a field notebook made in New Guinea on the food webs of aquatic animals known as phytotelmata that live in plant containers, such as tree hollows and bromeliad tanks.'
Roger Kitching, Ecologist, in 'A Reflection of the Truth'
The twelve essays in
Field Notes
were written by professional naturalists from such diverse disciplines
as anthropology, botany, ecology, entomology, and paleontology, and
their enthusiasm and experience are contagious. For the amateur
naturalists among us, the compilation also contains essays on
“Note-Taking for Pencilophobes” and basic instructions on color theory
and sketching.
'Ink and watercolor drawing of a red sea fan (Swiftia sp.)'
Jenny Keller, in the essay 'Why Sketch?'
E.O. Wilson articulates the book’s voyeuristic magic in its introduction:
If there is a heaven, and I am allowed entrance, I will
ask for no more than an endless living world to walk through and
explore. I will carry with me an inexhaustible supply of notebooks, from
which I can send back reports to the more sedentary spirits (mostly
molecular and cell biologists). Along the way I would expect to meet
kindred spirits among whom would be the authors of the essays in this
book.”
Kirstin Butler’s original review
here.
FEYNMAN
From Feynman’s childhood in Long Island to his work on the Manhattan
Project to the infamous Challenger disaster, by way of quantum
electrodynamics and bongo drums, the graphic narrative unfolds with
equal parts humor and respect as it tells the story of one of the
founding fathers of popular physics.
Colorful, vivid, and obsessive, the pages of
Feynman
exude the famous personality of the man himself, full of immense
brilliance, genuine excitement for science, and a healthy dose of snark.
Originally featured, with more images,
in October.
CULTURE
This year,
Edge.org editor
John Brockman
launched a new series of anthologies curating 15 years’ worth of the
most provocative thinking on major facets of science, culture, and
intellectual life. First came
The Mind, followed by
Culture: Leading Scientists Explore Societies, Art, Power, and Technology
— a treasure chest of insight true to the promise of its title,
featuring essays and interviews by and with (alas, all-male) icons such
as
Brian Eno,
George Dyson and
Douglas Rushkoff, as well as
Brain Pickings favorites like
Denis Dutton,
Stewart Brand,
Clay Shirky and
Dan Dennett.
From the origin and social purpose of art to how technology shapes
civilization to the Internet as a force of democracy and despotism, the
17 pieces exude the kind of intellectual inquiry and cultural curiosity
that give progress its wings.
Here’s a modest sampling of the lavish cerebral feast you’ll find between the book’s covers.
In his 1997 meditation “A Big Theory of Culture”, music icon and deep-thinker Brian Eno explores what constitutes cultural value and how it comes about:
Nearly all of art history is about trying to identify the
source of value in cultural objects. Color theories and dimension
theories, golden means, all those sort of ideas, assume that some
objects are intrinsically more beautify and meaningful than others. New
cultural thinking isn’t like that. It says that we confer value on things. We
create the value in things. It’s the act of conferring that makes
things valuable. Now this is very important, because so many, in fact
all fundamentalist ideas, rest on the assumption that some things have
intrinsic value and resonance and meaning. All pragmatists work from
another assumption: No, it’s us. It’s us who make those meanings.”
[It] is not some kind of ironclad doctrine that it is
supposed to replace a heavy post-structuralism with something just as
oppressive. What surprises me about the resistance to the application of
Darwin to psychology is the vociferous way in which people want to
dismiss it, not even to consider it.”
In “Social Networks Are Like the Eye” (2008), Harvard physician and sociologist Nicholas Christakis examines why networks form and how they operate:
The amazing thing about social networks, unlike
other networks that are almost as interesting — networks of neurons or
genes or stars or computers or all kinds of other things one can imagine
— is that the nodes of a social network — the entities, the components —
are themselves sentient, acting individuals who can respond to the
network and actually form it themselves.”
In “Turing’s Cathedral” (2005), science historian George Dyson recalls his visit to the Google headquarters in the context of H. G. Wells’s 1938 prophecy:
I felt I was entering a 14th-century cathedral — not in
the 14th century but in the 12th century, while it was being built […]
The whole human memory can be, and probably in a short time will be,
made accessible to every individual […] Wells foresaw not only the
distributed intelligence of the World Wide Web, but the inevitability
that this intelligence would coalesce, and that power, as well as
knowledge, would fall under its domain.”
Thoughtfully curated to stimulate your keenest critical thinking — like, for instance, the juxtaposition of
Jaron Lanier’s digital dystopianism and
Clay Shirky’s optimistic retort —
Culture expands both the scope of science and your comfort zone of intellectual inquiry.
THE MAN OF NUMBERS
Imagine
a day without numbers — how would you know when to wake up, how to call
your mother, how the stock market is doing, or even how old you are? We
live our lives by numbers. So fundamental are they to our understanding
of the world that we’ve grown to take them for granted. And yet it
wasn’t always so. Until the 13th century, even simple arithmetic was
accessible almost exclusively to European scholars. Merchants kept track
of quantifiables using Roman numerals, performing calculations either
by an elaborate yet widespread fingers procedure or with a clumsy
mechanical
abacus. But in 1202, a young Italian man named Leonardo da Pisa — known today as
Fibonacci — changed everything when he wrote
Liber Abbaci, Latin for
Book of Calculation, the first arithmetic textbook of the West.
Keith Devlin tells his incredible and important story in
The Man of Numbers: Fibonacci’s Arithmetic Revolution,
tracing how Fibonacci revolutionized everything from education to
economics by making arithmetic available to the masses. If you think the
personal computing revolution of the 1980s was a milestone of our
civilization, consider the personal computation revolution. And yet, de
Pisa’s cultural contribution is hardly common knowledge.
The change in society brought about by the teaching of
modern arithmetic was so pervasive and all-powerful that within a few
generations people simply took it for granted. There was no longer any
recognition of the magnitude of the revolution that took the subject
from an obscure object of scholarly interest to an everyday mental tool.
Compared with Copernicus’s conclusions about the position of Earth in
the solar system and Galileo’s discovery of the pendulum as a basis for
telling time, Leonardo’s showing people how to multiply 193 by 27 simply
lacks drama.” ~ Keith Devlin
The Latin phrase 'filius bonacci,' in the first line of the
Liber Abbaci manuscript, gave rise to Leonardo da Pisa's modern
nickname, Fibonacci
Image courtesy of The Library of Florence via NPR
Though “about” mathematics, Fibonacci’s story is really about a great number of remarkably timely topics:
gamification for good (
Liber abbaci brimmed with puzzles and riddles like
the rabbit problem to alleviate the tedium of calculation and engage readers with learning);
modern finance (Fibonacci was the first to develop an early form of
present-value analysis, a method for calculating the time value of money perfected by iconic economist Irving Fisher in the 1930s);
publishing entrepreneurship (the first edition of
Liber Abbaci
was too dense for the average person to grasp, so da Pisa released —
bear in mind, before the invention of the printing press — a simplified
version accessible to the ordinary traders of Pisa, which allowed the
text to spread around the world);
abstract symbolism
(because numbers, as objective as we’ve come to perceive them as, are
actually mere commonly agreed upon abstractions); and even
remix culture (
Liber Abbaci
was assumed to be the initial source for a great deal of arithmetic
bestsellers released after the invention of the printing press.)
Above all, however, Fibonacci’s feat was one of storytelling — much like
TED,
he took existing ideas that were far above the average person’s
competence and grasp, and used his remarkable expository skills to make
them accessible and attractive to the common man, allowing these ideas
to spread far beyond the small and self-selected circles of the
scholarly elite.
A page from the Liber abbaci manuscript. Leonardo da Pisa
wrote symbolic calculations in the margin to illustrate the methods
described in the text.
Image courtesy of Siena Public Library via NPR
A book about Leonardo must focus on his great
contribution and his intellectual legacy. Having recognized that
numbers, and in particular powerful and efficient ways to compute with
them, could change the world, he set about making that happen at a time
when Europe was poised for major advances in science, technology, and
commercial practice. Through Liber Abbaci he showed that an
abstract symbolism and a collection of seemingly obscure procedures for
manipulating those symbols had huge practical applications.” ~ Keith Devlin
For an added layer of fascinating, there’s also a complementary ebook titled
Leonardo and Steve, drawing a curious parallel between Fibonacci and
Steve Jobs.
Originally featured, with a Kindle preview,
in July.
FUTURE SCIENCE
What consumes the best and brightest minds working in science today? That’s exactly what literary agent
Max Brockman explores in
Future Science: Essays from the Cutting Edge
— a fantastic anthology of short pieces by 19 first-rate researchers
spanning everything from astronomy to virology to computer science, and a
wealth in between. The provocative yet digestible essays are intended
for the curious layperson, which Brockman reminds us in the introduction
doesn’t come without risk: “If you’re an academic who writes about your
work for a general audience, you’re thought by some of your colleagues
to be wasting your time and perhaps endangering your academic career.
For younger scientists (i.e., those without tenure), this is almost
universally true.”
Given our
optimism for the future and soft spot for
intellectual anthologies, we’re certainly glad the contributors to
Future Science
took the chance. The result is a fascinating tour of academy’s advanced
guard on, among other topics, why stress causes some people to crumble
even as it spurs others on, what sense computer science can make of
social media’s vast digital data, and how infinity has entered the realm
of testable science. The breadth of subjects and their authors’ ability
to make them accessible is thrilling — it’s like
TED in book form.
For much of human history, we have been explorers of
other continents — examiners of rocks and regions ripe for habitation,
the culmination being the Heroic Age of Antarctic exploration and the
capstone being our flags and footprints on the surface of the Moon. But
in the decades and centuries to come, exploration — both human and
robotic — will increasingly focus on the ocean depths, of both our own
ocean and the subsurface oceans believed to exist on at least five moons
of the outer Solar System: Jupiter’s Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto and
Saturn’s Titan and Enceladus. The total volume of liquid water on those
worlds is estimated to be more than a hundred times the volume of
liquid water on Earth.” ~ Kevin P. Hand, “On the Coming Age of Ocean Exploration”
If humans are to succeed as a species, our collective
shame over destroying other life-forms should grow in proportion to our
understanding of their various ecological roles. Maybe the same
attention to one another that promoted our own evolutionary success will
keep us from failing the other species in life’s fabric and, in the
end, ourselves.” ~ Jennifer Jacquet, “Is Shame Necessary”
This afternoon I received in the post a slim FedEx
envelope containing four small vials of DNA. The DNA had been
synthesized according to my instructions in under three weeks, at a cost
of 39 U.S. cents per base pair (the rungs adenine-thymine or
guanine-cytosine in the DNA ladder). The 10 micrograms I ordered are
dried, flaky, and barely visible to the naked eye, yet once I have
restored them in water and made an RNA copy of this template, they will
encode a virus I have designed.” ~ William McEwan, “Molecular Cut and Paste: The New Generation of Biological Tools”
As you might have guessed, Brockman is the son of John Brockman, who masterminded Culture above.
No executives were particularly enamored with the spot, and it was
filed away for possible later use.
Jobs wanted a blockbuster for his product. Chiat/Day's copywriter
and art director, Steve Hayden and Brent Thomas, created a tentative
storyboard to present to the newly installed John Sculley for approval.
The storyboard featured hundreds of men listening to Big Brother on a
huge screen delivering a speech on the virtues of censorship. In
mid-speech, a model runs into the room and destroys the screen with a
baseball bat, freeing the men from Big Brother's grasp.
Contrary
to popular belief, 1984 did not run just once. In order to
make it eligible for Cannes, Apple bought airtime on KMVT in Twin Falls
Idaho at 1:00 AM in December 1983. On January 22, six weeks later, the
ad aired for SuperBowl XVIII (between the Redskins and Raiders in Tampa
Bay), and it was a sensation. The ad was awarded the top prize at
Cannes and was replayed constantly on news programs following the game.
Chiat/Day estimated that 1984 generated over $5 million in free
publicity.
After the year’s best 
